Runways - Visual - Non-precision - Precision Instrument Runways - Threshold at 0 - Touchdown zone markings at 500' - Aiming Point marking at 1000' # LAHSO - Land and hold short - Requires PPL and understand responsbilities - If unable, state to ATC "unable to hold short of RWY" - Understand aircraft performance and the "available landing distance (ALD)" # Lighting Systems ## Approach Lighting System (ALS) - Helps you transition from instrument to visual references during approach to landing - Extends out - 2400 to 3000 feet for precision runway - 1400 to 1500 for non-precisions - Sequenced Flashing Lights (SFL) or Runway Alignment Indicator Lights (RAIL) - Rabbit - ALSF - Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights - MASLF - Medium Intensity Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing Lights - ODALS - Omnidirectional Approach Light System - REIL - runway end identifier lights REIL - high intensity white lights at each of runway threshold - Glide Slope Indicators - 2 Bar VASI - provides visual glide path normally seto to 3 degrees. Staying on glidepath means you are safe from obstruction clearance +- 10 degrees of extended runway centerline out to 4 nm from the threshold. - White over red - you are on glide path - 3 bar VASI - same as above - - PVASI - Pulsating VASI: pulsating red - below, steady red - slightly below, pulsating white - you are above, steady white light for on-glide slope - PAPI - precision approach path indicator - Similar to VASI but installed in a row # Runway Lighting - Runway edge light - HIRL, MIRL, LIRL - Threshold Light - green on approach, red opposite direction - Displaced Threshold Light - green on approach, do not land short of these lights - Touchdown Zone Lighting (TDZL) - white lights flush pointed on runway - Runway centerline Lights (RCLS) - flush mounted to help maintain centerline - Land and hold short lights - Taxiway lead-off lifhgts # Airport Beacon - Beacon helps you locate runway at night and during conditions of reduced visibility (less than 3 NM) - Types - Civilian: alternating white and green - Military: white-white-green # Aircraft Lighting - Red on left, Green on right, White on back Transponder: - Above class C - 30 nm of class B - Mode C at or above 10,000 feet MSL - Exception below 2,500 AGL Class G - Below 1200 AGL - Visibility: 1 SM day, 3 SM Night - Clouds: Clear of clouds - Below 10,000 MSL (above 1,200 AGL) - Visibility: 1 SM day, 3 SM Night - Clouds: 500 below, 1000 above, 2000 horizontal - Above 10,000 MSL - Visibility: 5 SM - Clouds: 1000 below, 1000 above, 1 SM horizontal - Equipment: none - Pilot: student pilot Class E - Shaded Magenta - Soft edge - 700ft up is E, accompanying is 1200' and up is E, below is G, - Dotted edge - E to surface - Below 10,000 MSL (above 1,200 AGL) - Visibility: 3 SM - Clouds: 500 below, 1000 above, 2000 horizontal - Above 10,000 MSL - Visibility: 5 SM - Clouds: 1000 below, 1000 above, 1 SM horizontal - Equipment: none - Pilot: student pilot Class D - Visibility: 3 SM - Clouds: 500 below, 1000 above, 2000 horizontal - Equipment: Radio communication - Pilot: student pilot Class C - Visibility: 3 SM - Clouds: 500 below, 1000 above, 2000 horizontal - Equipment: Radio communication *and* ADS-B/Mode C XPDR - Pilot: student pilot Class B - Visibility: 3 SM - Clouds: Clear of Clouds - Equipment: ATC Clearance *and* ADS-B/Mode C XPDR - Pilot: PPL or Student Pilot lobook endorsement Class A - Visibility: NA - Clouds: NA - Equipment: IFR plan, IFR clearance - Pilot: Instrument ratting Special VFR - enter leave or operate within class D and class E surface areas and class B and C if visibility is at least 1 SM and able to remain clear of clouds - permitted between sunrise and sunset, otherwise IFR required Airspeed - Up to 10,000 MSL - 250 KIAS - In Class C, D or below 2500 feet or within 4 nm of primary airport - 200 KIAS Special Use Airspace - Alert Areas - Military Operations Areas (MOA) - Warning Area - Restricted Area: permission must be granted by ATC - Prohibited Area - National Security Area - Controlled Firing Area - have spotter aircraft , radar or ground personnel - Parachute Jump Area - TFR - ADIZ - Air Defense Identification Zone: must file IFR or Defense VFR (DVFR) to operate in ADIZ, set XPDR and maintain 2 way comms - Military Training Route - Established below 10,000 for operations of > 250 KIAS - IR or VR (instrument route or visual route) - Routes below 1,500 AGL are 4 digit route numbers - Routes with segments above 1,500 AGL have 3 digit codes NOTAMs - NOTAM(D) - distant NOTAM, information on all navigational facilities, public use airports. - FDC NOTAM - Flight Data Center, regulatory info like TFR, ammendments to aeronautical charts