# Fundamental Skills: - Instrument Cross Check - Instrument Interpretation - Aircraft Control ## Instrument Cross Check - Includes the systematic scan of all required instruments of the instrument panel - Common errors: - Fixation: When you detect an error, you fixate on that particular instrument which leads to more errors. - For example: you detect you are 500 feet off altitude - focus on altitude and ignore bank and airspeed. - Omission: When doing a particular movement / transition, you focus on one instrument and omit the other two. - For example leveling off you focus on pitch and omit heading or roll. - Emphasis: You rely on instrument that you really understand even when it provides inadequate information for the current phase of flight. - For ex: over-reliance on attitude for everything instead of altimeter for maintaining altitude. ## Instrument Interpretation - Need to be aware of how instruments operate, fail and what to cross-check with to validate the data. - Requires good instrument scan, blocked pitot for ex ## Aircraft Control - Control and Performance Method - Control: establish specific attitude and power setting using control instruments - Attitude, Tach and MP - Performance: use to monitor how the airplane responds to changes - Airspeed, altimeter, Turn coordinator, HSI, VSI Compass Turns - Make turns at standard rate - Amount of lead or lag approximately equals the latitude - Turning error is small when turning to East or West headings Timed Turns - Use clock instead of the compass card to determine when to roll out - Determine accuracy of turn coordinator by doing standard rate turn (3 degrees per second) and done for a specific time should yield the right change in heading ## Unusual Attitude Recovery ### Nose-High Unusual Attitude 1. Add Power 2. Pitch Down 3. Level Wings Nose-Low Unusual Attitude 1. Reduce Power 2. Level Wings 3. Pitch up